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• Sandbox escape plays a vital role in a full chain exploit
• Underrated attack surfaces like private API, platform-specific features, and legacy components on macOS are discussed
• A novel attack targeting the design flaws of the reachable IPC and their associated WebViews by utilizing the classic web security attack, i.e., Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) is presented
• Three unique standalone exploits respectively affecting from OS X Yosemite (or even earlier) to macOS Catalina 10.15.2 are detailed
• The talk revisits the big picture of Safari sandbox attack surfaces, especially those forgotten by previous publications, analyzing various WebViews in different contexts and their weakness

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• Voice assistants and IoT devices are vulnerable to light commands and injection attacks, which can compromise their security and allow unauthorized critical operations to be executed.
• Device manufacturers have applied software patches to mitigate this attack, but security checks may still be overlooked, allowing for unauthorized operations.
• The success of the attack depends on the attacker's ability to aim at the device's acoustic ports and have a line of sight to the device.
• Future research is needed to understand the effects of different injection attacks and to develop software and hardware solutions to prevent them.
• Sacrificing security for usability is not always a good idea, especially when all devices are connected to each other.

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• NGAV systems can be bypassed by modifying features in a way that does not harm the malicious functionality of the malware
• Explainability algorithms can help attackers understand which features are more impactful and focus on them
• The order in which perturbations are made can make a difference in the results
• Small perturbations can eventually have a significant impact due to the non-linear nature of the classifier

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• Continuous vigilance is necessary to identify vulnerabilities in software dependencies
• Machine learning can be used to discover vulnerabilities, but it is not self-sufficient and requires continuous improvement
• Data imbalance can cause bias in machine learning models, and self-training can be used to address this issue
• Discovering vulnerabilities in software dependencies is complex and requires a multi-faceted approach

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• Hypervisors are important for scalability and transparency in malware analysis, but they introduce discrepancies due to virtualization.
• The speaker presents two new methods for hypervisor detection: a high-resolution covert time source using a dedicated counter thread and a prime+probe attack on the last-level cache.
• These methods can detect hypervisors that are hiding discrepancies from classic time sources and current anti-evasion approaches.
• The speaker suggests that sandbox architects should explore code analysis and performance counters to detect counter threads and microarchitectural attacks.
• There is potential for further research in the intersection between microarchitectural research and malware analysis.

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• The exploit uses an arbitrary decrement to get a primitive and find the address of objects in memory.
• A relatively primitive is used to leak the address of a specific object, which allows for arbitrary data read and write.
• The exploit uses a GSR buffer view to achieve arbitrary read and write access.
• The instruction pointer can be controlled to implement the next stages of the exploit.
• The exploit is not stable and could be improved by improving the ASL brute force step and finding a better exploitation path.
• The exploit was attempted on PS4 firmware version 7 but did not succeed.
• A Raspberry Pi was used to attempt to bypass the ASL on firmware version 7 but did not yield any results.

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• Hunting engines are used to quickly classify and investigate attacks on particular protocols
• The next generation of hunting systems will focus on IoT and ICS rate hunting
• Machine learning will be used for more precise hunting
• Automating the hunting process can reduce malware investigation time
• The process of deploying new hunting engines involves checking configuration files and deploying new images
• The hunting process involves collecting data, analyzing it, and generating IOCs

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• Fingerprint jacking is a UI attack that tricks users into authorizing dangerous actions without their knowledge.
• Android has mitigation measures to block this type of attack, but they can be bypassed.
• The Android activity lifecycle is a state machine model for Android activities.
• Normal apps go through the create, start, resume, pause, and stop states when doing fingerprint authorization.
• Fingerprint jacking attacks involve launching a malicious app disguised as a benign app, launching the fingerprint activity in the target app, using a coloring activity to cover the fingerprint activity, and luring the victim to input their fingerprints.
• Two examples of fingerprint jacking attacks are demonstrated: one involving a diary app and one involving a payment app.

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• The iOS sandbox design is a powerful access control mechanism that neutralizes many vulnerabilities with almost no overhead added.
• The restrictions placed on a process depend on four conditions: all files must have a code signature to run, processes are limited to their own sandbox, processes cannot access other processes' memory, and processes cannot execute unsigned code.
• The iOS sandbox design has improved over the years, with Apple implementing stronger restrictions and adding new features like entitlements.
• The speaker shares their personal experience with jailbreaking and visiting libraries in America, highlighting the positive aspects of free access to libraries and makerspaces.