tldr - powered by Generative AI

• Distributed systems are challenging because failure is inevitable and requires designing systems to handle it gracefully.
• Kubernetes is designed to handle failure through fault tolerance and traffic routing.
• Other modern systems, such as Docker Swarm, HashiCorp Nomad, and K3s, have different approaches to handling failure.
• DistSys concepts such as CAP theorem, Gossip protocols, High Availability, and the RAFT consensus algorithm are discussed.
• Real-world cases, such as Target's 2019 cascading failure, are explored to illustrate the challenges of distributed systems.
• Understanding the problems confronting distributed systems and what 'correct' looks like is essential for designing and operating them effectively.